Past Perfect — Pasado Perfecto
| Subject | Had | Past Participle | Example |
|---|
| I / You / He / She / It / We / They | had ('d) | eaten | When I arrived, they had already eaten. |
💡 "had" is the same for ALL subjects.
Primary use: one action BEFORE another in the past
| First action (Past Perfect) | Second action (Past Simple) |
|---|
| She had left | when I arrived. |
| They had finished dinner | before the movie started. |
| I had never seen snow | until I visited Canada. |
Conectores clave
| Connector | Example |
|---|
| when | When I arrived, she had already left. |
| before | I had finished before the teacher collected it. |
| after | After she had eaten, she left. |
| by the time | By the time we got there, the concert had started. |
| already | They had already gone home. |
| never… before | I had never tried sushi before that day. |
Negative & Questions
- Neg: I hadn't (had not) finished.
- Q: Had you finished before he came?
- Short: Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.
Past Simple vs. Past Perfect
| Past Simple | Past Perfect |
|---|
| Two actions in sequence | One action BEFORE another |
| I arrived and he left. (same time or seq.) | When I arrived, he had left. (he left FIRST) |
Future Perfect — Futuro Perfecto (Resumen)
| Training | will have + past participle |
|---|
| Uso | Action completed BEFORE a future time |
| Ejemplos | By Friday, I will have finished the project. By next year, she will have graduated. |
| Keyword | By + future time (by Friday, by 2030, by the time you arrive) |
| Neg/Int | I won't have finished. Will you have finished by then? |